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Long-Term Side Effects of Caffeine
Caffeine use or overuse may also have some long-term side effects. These can include:
Caffeine Dependence
Caffeine Withdrawal
Another common long-term side effect is the experience of caffeine withdrawal symptoms. People who consume large amounts of caffeine more frequently may be more likely to feel withdrawal symptoms after several hours without a dose of caffeine.
Symptoms of caffeine withdrawal can include:
- Low mood
- Headache
- Nausea
- Mental fogginess
- Lightheadedness
Research has found that people who consume caffeine daily have a higher risk of experiencing withdrawal symptoms such as fatigue and headaches.
Caffeine During Pregnancy
Excessive caffeine consumption during pregnancy may lead to adverse side effects. Research suggests that the risk of miscarriage increased by 14% for each 100 mg consumed per day. Some research suggests that caffeine use during pregnancy may contribute to low birth weight.
FACTORS AFFECTING CAFFEINE METABOLISM
Caffeine metabolism is increased by smoking, an effect mediated by an acceleration in its demethylation (it also increases xanthine oxidase activity) (Parsons and Neims, 1978). Smoking cessation returns caffeine clearance rates to nonsmoking values (Murphy et al., 1988). A number of studies with rodents have demonstrated an additive effect of caffeine and nicotine on both schedule-controlled behavior and locomotor activity (Lee et al., 1987, Sansone et al., 1994, White, 1988). However, data in humans are scarce. Kerr et al. (1991) found both caffeine and nicotine facilitated memory and motor function in a variety of psychomotor tasks. Though there were differences across tasks, combining caffeine and nicotine did not appear to produce a greater effect than either drug alone. Conversely, nicotine did not decrease the effectiveness of caffeine.
The effects of caffeine on women have been examined in the context of its effects on menstrual function, interactions with oral contraceptives, pregnancy and fetal health, and postmenopausal health. Earlier studies suggested that elimination of caffeine may vary across the menstrual cycle, with elimination being about 25 percent longer in the luteal phase (Balogh et al., 1987). More recent studies, however, indicate no significant effects on caffeine pharmacokinetics across phases of the menstrual cycle in healthy, nonsmoking women who are not using oral contraceptives (Kamimori et al., 1999). Decreased paraxanthine or caffeine metabolic rates in healthy postmenopausal women on estrogen replacement therapy suggest that exogenous estrogen in older women may inhibit caffeine metabolism through the P450 isozyme CYP1A2, an isozyme common to both estrogen and caffeine metabolism (Pollock et al., 1999). Additionally, it is known that oral contraceptive use can double caffeine half-life (Abernethy and Todd, 1985, Patwardhan et al., 1980). The effects of newer oral contraceptives on caffeine half-life have not been studied.
What does caffeine do to your body?
Caffeine is a stimulant and the most commonly used drug in the world. Benefits can include increased alertness, energy, and concentration. However, it can also lead to insomnia and headaches.
Every day, millions consume caffeine to increase wakefulness, alleviate fatigue, and improve concentration and focus. Amid myths and controversy about whether caffeine is good or bad for us, evidence suggests that moderate coffee consumption can bring both benefits and risks.
However, a high consumption of caffeine may not be healthful. In addition, the recent trend of adding caffeine to drinks and snacks that do not naturally contain it has raised new concerns.
This article will look at the potential health benefits and risks of caffeine, the questions of energy drinks, and the likelihood of a caffeine overdose occurring.