U nas zapłacisz kartą
Krem z kofeiną The Inkey List do pielęgnacji skóry wokół oczu
Long-Term Side Effects of Caffeine
Caffeine use or overuse may also have some long-term side effects. These can include:
Caffeine Dependence
Caffeine Withdrawal
Another common long-term side effect is the experience of caffeine withdrawal symptoms. People who consume large amounts of caffeine more frequently may be more likely to feel withdrawal symptoms after several hours without a dose of caffeine.
Symptoms of caffeine withdrawal can include:
- Low mood
- Headache
- Nausea
- Mental fogginess
- Lightheadedness
Research has found that people who consume caffeine daily have a higher risk of experiencing withdrawal symptoms such as fatigue and headaches.
Caffeine During Pregnancy
Excessive caffeine consumption during pregnancy may lead to adverse side effects. Research suggests that the risk of miscarriage increased by 14% for each 100 mg consumed per day. Some research suggests that caffeine use during pregnancy may contribute to low birth weight.
Understanding Caffeine Side Effects
Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada.
Verywell Mind articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and mental healthcare professionals. Medical Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. Learn more.
John C. Umhau, MD, MPH, CPE is board-certified in addiction medicine and preventative medicine. He is the medical director at Alcohol Recovery Medicine. For over 20 years Dr. Umhau was a senior clinical investigator at the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Caffeine is so common in American society you can easily forget that it is an addictive substance. People consume caffeine not only in coffee but also in tea, chocolate, and energy drinks. The latter may have much more caffeine than coffee.
While it may have some benefits, it is important to remember that you may also experience some troublesome caffeine side effects. If you experience some of these symptoms, it might be a sign that you are consuming too much caffeine.
At a Glance
Caffeine can have mental health benefits, such as improving alertness, memory, mood, and even longevity. However, caffeine can also have side effects, particularly if you consume it in high doses. Let's take a closer look at some of the common negative effects of caffeine, the potential benefits, and what you can do to help manage or reduce your caffeine intake.
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Caffeine administration affects the functioning of the cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, and nervous systems. Proposed mechanisms of action differ for different physiological effects. Caffeine action is thought to be mediated via several mechanisms: the antagonism of adenosine receptors, the inhibition of phosphodiesterase, the release of calcium from intracellular stores, and antagonism of benzodiazepine receptors (Myers et al., 1999).
Caffeine and Adenosine Receptors
The ability of caffeine to inhibit adenosine receptors appears to be highly important in its effects on behavior and cognitive function. This ability results from the competitive binding of caffeine and paraxanthine to adenosine receptors and is of importance in contributing to CNS effects, especially those involving the neuromodulatory effects of adenosine. Due to the blocking of adenosine inhibitory effects through its receptors, caffeine indirectly affects the release of norepinephrine, dopamine, acetylcholine, serotonin, glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and perhaps neuropeptides (Daly et al., 1999).
There are two main classes of adenosine receptor: A1 and A2, caffeine and paraxanthine are nonselective antagonists at both, although they are not especially potent antagonists. The caffeine concentrations attained in vivo that cause mild CNS stimulation (5–10 µM) and that are associated with antiasthmatic effects (50 µM), are in the range associated with adenosine receptor blockade (as quantitated by in vitro receptor binding assays) (Daly, 1993).
Caffeine and Phosphodiesterase
In contrast, phosphodiesterase inhibition may account for caffeine's (and theophylline's) cardiostimulatory and antiasthmatic actions, since nonxanthine phosphodiesterases are cardiac stimulants (Schmitz et al., 1989) and are also effective as bronchiolar and tracheal relaxants. Indeed, in the latter case, the potency correlates with phosphodiesterase inhibition, not with affinity for adenosine receptors (Brackett et al., 1990, Persson et al., 1982, Polson et al., 1985).