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Magia Mikrodermabrazji Korundowej - Odkryj Tajemnice Gładkiej Skóry
Structure and physical properties [ edit ]
Corundum crystallizes with trigonal symmetry in the space group R 3 c and has the lattice parameters a = 4.75 Å and c = 12.982 Å at standard conditions. The unit cell contains six formula units. [4] [21]
The toughness of corundum is sensitive to surface roughness [22] [23] and crystallographic orientation. [24] It may be 6–7 MPa·m 1/2 for synthetic crystals, [24] and around 4 MPa·m 1/2 for natural. [25]
In the lattice of corundum, the oxygen atoms form a slightly distorted hexagonal close packing, in which two-thirds of the octahedral sites between the oxygen ions are occupied by aluminium ions. [26] The absence of aluminium ions from one of the three sites breaks the symmetry of the hexagonal close packing, reducing the space group symmetry to R 3 c and the crystal class to trigonal. [27] The structure of corundum is sometimes described as a pseudohexagonal structure. [28]
The Young’s modulus of corundum (sapphire) has been reported by many different sources with values varying between 300-500 GPa, but a commonly cited value used for calculations is 345 GPa. [29] The Young’s modulus is temperature dependent, and has been reported in the [0001] direction as 435 GPa at 323 K and 386 GPa at 1,273 K. [29] The shear modulus of corundum is 145 GPa, [30] and the bulk modulus is 240 GPa. [30]
Single crystal corundum fibers have potential applications in high temperature composites, and the Young’s modulus is highly dependent on the crystallographic orientation along the fiber axis. The fiber exhibits a max modulus of 461 GPa when the crystallographic c-axis [0001] is aligned with the fiber axis, and minimum moduli ~373 GPa when a direction 45° away from the c-axis is aligned with the fiber axis. [31]
The hardness of corundum measured by indentation at low loads of 1-2 N has been reported as 22-23 GPa [32] in major crystallographic planes: (0001) (basal plane), (10 1 0) (rhombohedral plane), (11 2 0) (prismatic plane), and (10 1 2). The hardness can drop significantly under high indentation loads. The drop with respect to load varies with the crystallographic plane due to the difference in crack resistance and propagation between directions. One extreme case is seen in the (0001) plane, where the hardness under high load (~1kN) is nearly half the value under low load (1-2 N). [32]
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Zalety mikrodermabrazji
Dlaczego warto zrobić zabieg mikrodermabrazji? Ma ona szereg korzyści, a istnieje niewielkie ryzyko, że zaszkodzi. Ważne jest, by w salonie wykonała go profesjonalistka i dobrała odpowiedni rodzaj zabiegu do naszej cery. Zaś domowy sposób jest jeszcze mniej inwazyjny niż salonowy. Jesień to doskonały czas na ten zabieg. Nie musimy obawiać się, że silne słońce podrażni nam skórę po jej złuszczeniu. Dzięki mikrodermabrazji pozbędziemy się przebarwień i zaskórników, które powstały latem. Ponadto odżywimy cerę przed świętami. Zabieg najlepiej powtarzać co 3 tygodnie.
Zabieg mikrodermabrazji
- złuszcza stary naskórek, wygładzając
- przyspiesza odnowę komórkową
- usuwa zaskórniki i odblokowuje pory
- poprawia krążenie krwi, a co za tym idzie koloryt skóry
- zmniejsza widoczność zmarszczek
- pobudza produkcję kolagenu, zwiększając elastyczność skóry
- zwiększa wchłanianie substancji aktywnych
Customer Reviews & Testimonials
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The screen recording was very helpful and useful professionally and personally. I could catch up with forum sessions I missed and redundant training sessions.
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