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Eczema Causes
Experts aren’t sure what exactly causes eczema. Things that may make it more likely include:
- An immune response to something irritating
- Problems in your skin’s barrier that let moisture out and germs in
- A family history of other allergies or asthma
Is eczema contagious?
No. You can’t catch eczema from someone or pass it on to others.
Eczema risk factors
Stress and genes are among the most common risk factors for getting eczema. But there are more, including:
- Having very dry skin
- Using hair care or skin products with certain allergens
- Food allergies
- Living in cold, damp areas or swampy, hot areas
- Having someone in your family who has eczema
Your age may affect whether you get eczema or not:
- Eczema shows up most often before you turn 5. Most children will outgrow eczema.
- If you get eczema as an adult, you're more likely to get it either in your 20s or over the age of 50.
- Atopic dermatitis is more common in children, while forms such as nummular eczema are more typical in adults.
Eczema Treatment
Eczema treatment aims to ease and prevent itching, which can lead to infection.
Medications
Your doctor may also prescribe creams and ointments with corticosteroids to ease inflammation. If the area becomes infected, you’ll probably need antibiotics.
Other options include tar treatments (chemicals that reduce itching), phototherapy (using ultraviolet light), and the drug cyclosporine.
The FDA has warned doctors to use caution with Elidel and Protopic because of concerns over a cancer risk. The two products also carry the FDA's “black box” warning on their packaging to alert doctors and patients to these potential risks. The warning advises doctors to prescribe Elidel and Protopic for only a short time after other eczema treatments have failed in adults and children older than 2 years. It should not be used in kids younger than 2 years.
Other medication options for eczema include:
- Azathioprine (Azasan)
- Methotrexate
- Mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept)
- Phosphodiesterase inhibitors (Eucrisa ointment)
- Ruxolitinib (Opzelura cream)
- Upadacitinib (Rinvoq)
Eczema cream
Some moisturizing creams are not effective in treating eczema-prone skin. Some can even cause flare-ups. To protect and moisturize your skin, look for creams that are fragrance- and dye-free. Avoid ingredients such as citrus extract and lidocaine. The best creams are the ones that feel “greasy” because they contain more oil, which keeps moisture in and irritants out.
Eczema lotion
Lotions have more water than creams. Some contain preservatives that can irritate or burn the scratchy skin. Just like creams, lotions that are free of problematic ingredients are the safest and least irritating. Look for ingredients such as oat or shea butter, aloe, glycerin, hyaluronic acid, petrolatum, vitamin E, humectants, and niacinamide. Hypoallergenic products are a good choice.
Eczema: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
Eczema is a common skin condition that causes itchiness, rashes, dry patches, and infection. It's a type of dermatitis, which is a group of conditions that can inflame or irritate your skin. The most common type is atopic dermatitis or atopic eczema. “Atopic” means that you're more likely to get allergic conditions such as asthma and hay fever.
Eczema looks different for everyone. And your flare-ups won’t always happen in the same area.
No matter which part of your skin eczema affects, it's almost always itchy. The itching sometimes starts before the rash. Your skin may also be:
- Red
- Dry and cracked
- Itchy
- Swollen with a rash (color varies depending on skin color)
- Bumpy (on brown or Black skin)
- Thick and leathery
- Oozing and crusting
- Raw from scratching
Eczema rash
One of the first signs of eczema is a rash that looks different on different individuals. For those with darker skin, the rash can be purple, brown, or gray. If you have a light skin tone, the rash can look pink, red, or purple.
Symptoms in infants
In infants, the itchy rash can lead to an oozing, crusting condition, mainly on the face and scalp. It can also appear on their arms, legs, back, and chest. Newborn babies can show symptoms within the first few weeks or months after birth.
Symptoms in children
Children and teens usually have a rash in the bends of their elbows, behind their knees, or on their necks, wrists, or ankles. The rash turns scaly and dry.
Symptoms in adults
The rash usually happens on your face, the backs of your knees, wrists, hands, or feet.
Eczema Diagnosis
No one test can spot eczema. Your doctor will probably diagnose it by looking at your skin and asking a few questions.
Because many people with eczema also have allergies, your doctor may order some allergy tests to look for irritants or triggers. Children with eczema are especially likely to have allergy tests.
If your doctor diagnoses you with eczema, you might want to ask them:
- What’s the best way to add moisture to my skin? Can I use over-the-counter products, or do you need to prescribe something?
- Do I need to buy special soaps, lotions, and laundry detergent? Do fragrance-free or sensitive-skin products help?
- Are there foods that I should avoid to keep flares at bay?
- Are there fabrics that I shouldn't wear? What fabrics should I wear?
- Do pets make symptoms worse?
- If sweating makes things worse, can I still exercise?
- What’s next if my symptoms don’t improve or I get an infection from scratching my skin?
- Does stress lead to flare-ups?
- Are long periods without symptoms common?
- Are there ways I can treat my skin to reduce my chances of another flare-up?
Psoriasis vs. eczema
Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease. This means that the person’s immune system doesn’t work right, and their skin cells grow too fast. Those cells show up on top of the skin as a white, scaly patch. Risk factors can include a person’s genes (family background) or exposure to something in the environment — or both.
Itchiness. Psoriasis causes milder itching and, sometimes, a burning sensation. Eczema itches so much that some individuals scratch until it bleeds.
Age. Both can occur at any age, but eczema affects children more often.
Sun exposure. Sunshine is a treatment for psoriasis because it slows down abnormal cell growth. (Too much sun can trigger symptoms, so your dermatologist will recommend the ideal duration for sun exposure to prevent flare-ups.) People with eczema tend to be more sensitive to heat because sweating can lead to flare-ups.
Egzema – objawy
Przebieg i objawy egzemy są zróżnicowane u różnych grup pacjentów. Jak wygląda egzema? W większości przypadków początkowym symptomem świadczącym o rozwoju egzemy jest zaczerwienienie i obrzęk skóry, któremu z czasem mogą towarzyszyć czerwone plamy, delikatnie wystające ponad powierzchnię ciała. Co więcej, na skórze chorego pojawiają się charakterystyczne, swędzące i piekące grudki oraz pęcherzyki. Pacjenci często skarżą się również na to, że ich skóra jest sucha, wrażliwa i podatna na podrażnienia.
Zmiany skórne typowe dla wyprysku kontaktowego mogą występować w każdym miejscu na ciele, jednak w dermatologii najczęściej rozpoznawana jest:
- egzema na twarzy (głównie egzema wokół ust) – charakterystyczne jest dla niej puchnięcie powiek oraz widoczne przebarwienia na twarzy,
- egzema na szyi,
- egzema pod pachami,
- egzema na łokciu,
- egzema na dłoniach (w tym także egzema na palcach),
- egzema na nogach i stopach.
