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Brymonidyna na twarz - Tajemnicze Piękno Naturalnej Pielęgnacji
Discussion
In 2021, Ghaffari et al. reported a series of six cases found in the literature on the systemic side effects of the accidental oral or nasal ingestion of brimonidine eye drops in children, reported up to the end of 2019 [31], together with five additional new cases from personal observation. Their ages ranged between 9 days and 4 years.
Miosis may be a helpful sign when investigating brimonidine intoxication but should not be considered a must for confirming the diagnosis.
The duration of hypotonia may be variable. Ghaffari et al. report that in all of their cases, hypotonia lasted about twice the time needed for recovery to a normal level of consciousness [31].
At the most recent follow-up visit, 11 months after the reported event, the child was doing fine, her parents reported a series of typical age-related behaviors, and we found no evidence of a residual defect or alteration upon careful physical examination.
The brimonidine concentration in the plasma sample collected from our patient about ten hours after its accidental ingestion was 0.790 ng/mL. Thus, in our 8-month-old girl, plasma concentrations were about 13-fold higher than the maximum mean plasma concentration observed in adults. Of course, it has to be remarked that this is oral versus topical consumption.
This level was similar to that found in an infant with Peters anomaly being treated with ophthalmic drops containing 0.2% brimonidine. The young patient was brought to the emergency department, proving lethargic, hypotonic, hypothermic, and unresponsive to stimulation. These episodes were repeated five times during the hospitalization period. In this case, brimonidine concentrations were reported to be 1.459 ng/mL and 0.700 ng/mL in the plasma 0–3 and 6 h after instillation, respectively [19]. These elevated plasma levels, along with the resolution of symptoms following brimonidine withdrawal, indicated the drug as the possible cause of the reported intermittent coma episodes [19].
Brimonidine Eye Drops within the Reach of Children: A Possible Foe
3 Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
Carmela Salladini
Patrizia Ballerini
3 Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
Claudia Rossi
3 Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
Maurizio Aricò
3 Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
Received 2024 Jan 29, Revised 2024 Feb 26, Accepted 2024 Mar 5.Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Topical Brimonidine Delays Ultraviolet Radiation‐Induced Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Hairless Mice
This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
We investigated whether topical brimonidine delayed or enhanced the development of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) when ultraviolet radiation (UVR) was applied to a well‐established murine model. Hairless female mice (n = 125) were randomized into five groups and treated as follows: 1% brimonidine cream before UVR (Group 1), 0.33% brimonidine gel before UVR (Group 2), 1% brimonidine cream after UVR (Group 3), UVR only (control, Group 4) and 1% brimonidine cream only (control, Group 5). For each animal, the first four tumors were recorded and followed until three tumors reached 4 mm or one tumor reached 12 mm in diameter. All animal experiments continued for up to 365 days or until death. Application of 1% brimonidine cream before UVR delayed tumor development relative to control mice treated with UVR alone (P = 0.000006). However, when 0.33% brimonidine gel was applied before UVR (P = 0.313) or 1% brimonidine cream was applied after UVR (P = 0.252), there was no significant delay in tumor development relative to control mice treated with UVR alone. The development of the second and third tumors followed a similar pattern. Topical 1% brimonidine cream applied before UVR exposure delayed SCC development in hairless mice. In contrast, when brimonidine was applied after UVR there was no significant delay in tumor development. These results suggest that the 1% brimonidine cream probably absorbed the UVR, and therefore, a delay in tumor formation was only seen when brimonidine was applied before irradiation. However, there can be multiple reasons for this delay in photocarcinogenesis.
We investigated whether topical brimonidine delays the development of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) induced by ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in hairless mice treated with brimonidine cream and after exposure to UVR. Animal tumors were recorded and followed until three tumors reached 4 mm or one tumor reached 12 mm in diameter. Animal experiments continued for up to 365 days or until death. Topical application of 1% brimonidine cream before UVR exposure delayed SCC development in hairless mice. Delay of SCC, induced by UVR in hairless mice, was probably due to UVR absorption by the drug.