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Wyprysk z hiperkeratozą - Objawy, Diagnoza i Leczenie
StatPearls [Internet].
Fabiola Farci , Gauri D. Mahabal .
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Last Update: September 4, 2023 .
Hyperkeratosis refers to the increased thickness of the stratum corneum, the outer layer of the skin. It is most frequently due to chronic physical or chemical damage such as friction or the use of aggressive soaps but can also derive from chronic inflammation or a side-effect of different drugs, including chemotherapy. This activity reviews the evaluation and treatment of hyperkeratosis and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in evaluating and treating patients with this condition.
Summarize the major histologic forms of hyperkeratosis. Review the different pathologies that can manifest with hyperkeratosis.Explain the importance of collaboration and communication amongst the interprofessional team to ensure the appropriate diagnosis and treatment is selected for patients with hyperkeratosis.
Histopathology
Psoriasis and psoriasiform dermatitis: It shows perivascular aggregates of lymphocytes in the dermal-epidermal junction with focal migration of leukocytes (neutrophils, lymphocytes) into the epidermis. There is increased epidermal proliferation and elongation of rete ridges giving an undulating appearance to the epidermis (papillomatosis) with or without spongiosis. The altered differentiation of keratinocytes results in hyperkeratosis with parakeratosis. Psoriasis also shows the formation of microabscesses by small aggregates of neutrophils in the upper epidermis (pustules) or in the stratum corneum (Munro microabscesses).
Interface and lichenoid dermatitis: Dense aggregates of lymphocytes along the dermal-epidermal junction associated with vacuolation of basal keratinocytes.[6] There is dyskeratosis, hyperkeratosis, and is sometimes associated with hypergranulosis.
Verrucae vulgaris and plana are characterized by marked hyperkeratosis, papillomatosis, and acanthosis. A typical feature is the presence of koilocytes, cells infected with papillomavirus which have structural changes like perinuclear halos and keratohyalin granules. Koilocytes can be absent in older lesions, but when present, are located in the upper stratum spinosum or granulosum. Parakeratosis may be present.
Seborrheic keratosis features marked hyperkeratosis, papillomatosis, and acanthosis. Pseudo-cysts and horn cysts are frequently present. There may be lymphocytic infiltrate and pigmentation as secondary features when irritated or inflamed.
The ichthyoses are a group of diseases caused by altered keratinization. The most common forms are ichthyosis vulgaris, X-linked, congenital, and epidermolytic hyperkeratosis.[7] They can be hereditary or acquired during life.[8][9] All of the forms show a defective epidermal barrier that induces hyperkeratosis, skin scaling, and inflammation.
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a neoplastic proliferation of atypical keratinocytes, restricted only to the epidermis (SCC in situ or Bowen's disease) or infiltrating the dermis (infiltrative SCC). Classic features are hyper-parakeratosis and loss of the granular layer.
Narzędzia i środki stosowane w podologii w procesie usuwania hyperkeratoz:
- frezarka
- dłuta i skalpele
- pilniki kątowe
- frezy diamentowe oraz pokrywane węglikiem spiekanym
- inne frezy ścierne (kapki)
- preparaty zmiękczające do zastosowań profesjonalnych (płyny, żele, pianki)
- preparaty pielęgnacyjne (gabinetowe i do pielęgnacji domowej)
- opatrunki
- ortozy i odciążenia gotowe oraz indywidualne
- systematyczne wizyty w gabinecie podologicznym
- dobór właściwego obuwia i/lub wkładek
- przestrzeganie zaleceń specjalisty
- właściwa pielęgnacja domowa – stosowanie zaleconych kosmetyków oraz unikanie samodzielnych „operacji”
- leczenie schorzeń współistniejących